Analysis Of Allen Ginsberg s Super Beer - 2153 Words

Born in Newark in 1926, Allen Ginsberg would grow up to be one of America’s most influential and controversial poets. This can be seen in poems like â€Å"America† and â€Å"Super Market in California†. In these poems, Ginsberg uses free verse poetry and a constant flow of ideas to make his point. This constant flow of ideas can especially be seen in America, as Caitlin Stanley referred to it as â€Å"spontaneous composition† to come up with almost a list of grievances. He is able to reflect his controversial positions of the time by trying to fight against the conformity and issues of the 50s. This can be seen in â€Å"Super Market in California† Ginsberg is trying to show the materialism, which has come into American life with a great magnitude during the†¦show more content†¦Compared to â€Å"America† which is a much more angry view of America. In these poems Ginsberg is able capture the times in which he lived in. They are also a ble to show how he was pioneer of the beat generation and would precede the coming backlash of the 1960s. In â€Å"Super Market In California†, Alan Ginsberg is able to capture his distaste for America in the 50s and how he feels marginalized by his homosexuality. In this poem Ginsberg describes his journey to a regular American super market during the 1950s. At this supermarket he experiences many different things. His first experience is when he refers to Walt Whitman as comparison to himself as well as a contrast to the times. Ginsberg then begins to describe the different foods he and Whitman our experiencing together. Caitlin Shanely states that these references in â€Å"This poem is often considered to contain references to Ginsberg s homosexuality, and with a deliberate play on derogatory slang, he places the gay writers Whitman and Garcia Lorca among the fruits in the market†( Shanely, Caitlin). When talking about the fruits, Ginsberg mentions both Whitman and Garcia Lorca who were both homosexuals in a derogatory way. Ginsberg is able to bring in his sense of how it feels to be homosexual in America. As well, Ginsberg is speaking about himself being gay in a bad way when referring to the fruits( Shanely, Caitlin). This sense being marginalized was not just about him

Theories And Ethical Perspectives Of Child Development

Child development has been scrutinised through various theoretical frameworks attempting to construct the idea of a ‘perfect’ child; which has become a central part of practice (Woodhead, 2006). The purpose of this essay is to explore child development, whilst demonstrating a critical understanding of dominant psychological theories and how these can perpetuate certain political and ethical perspectives. Bringing alternative theories to the dialogue is an acknowledgement that no one theory can be said to have pre-eminence. The case study (See Appendix) is used as a vehicle to explore the application of a range of theories; and ethical dilemmas practitioners working with children may encounter. Additionally, this case study aims to demonstrate how practitioner’s expectations of children are constructed; by accepting certain theories as ‘facts’ in accordance with: historical, political and cultural nature. Furthermore; I intend to make reference to my o wn childhood experiences; and how this may affect the lens in which I view child development, for my future practice. Studies of child development seem multidisciplinary; particularly considering the philosophical, neuroscientific, and psychological ideologies. As observed by Sorin 2005; traditionally through Locke’s ideologies, society tended to portray children as ‘blank slates’, and education was a way of filling in the slate with ‘knowledge’. However, Levitt 2007:7 identifies shifts in paradigms, identifying neuroscienceShow MoreRelatedThe Relation Between Sex, Gender, and Moral Behavior Essay1231 Words   |  5 Pagessocieties have been able to elevate themselves to a point where they can work towards gaining recognition in domains in which they used to be viewed as inferior. One such domain is ethical theory. 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Both Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg view similarities as well as differences between the theories they each believe in regards to the development of a child social and moral development. Jean Piaget put forth the theory of cognitive development wherein he establishedRead MoreWomens Perspectives Essay1499 Words   |  6 Pageswomen have distinct moral perspectives. Like Friedman, I believe that women have no different moral perspectives than men. Some people, like Bair, think that women base their moral perspectives on merely trust and love and men base theirs on justice. Friedman points out that care and justice coincide . People use justice to decide what is appropriate in caring relationships and care is brought into account when determining what is just. Since these two moral perspectives correspond, gender doesRead MoreFamily Youth Communtiy Sciences1484 Words   |  6 Pages25 0.4/ 0.4 Points Theories are vital tools because they D. provide organizing frameworks for our observations of children. Question 2 of 25 0.0/ 0.4 Points The stage concept assumes that change is A. development is a process of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with. B. change is fairly sudden rather than gradual and ongoing. C. infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do. D. development is a smooth, continuousRead MoreWhy Are Lgbt Students Committing Suicide More Than Non Transgender Students?1559 Words   |  7 Pagesparents especially those that are Christians and Muslims do not accept regard gays, lesbians, bisexual and transgender and most times do not hesitate to disown any child found in such act. 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DevelopmentalRead MoreChild Development Theories1324 Words   |  6 PagesChild Developmental Theories Ashford University PSY 104 Child and Adolescent Psychology June 29, 2009 Child Developmental Theories While theorists have different ideas and perspectives, insight on child and adolescent development can assist teachers and parents in helping children reach their full developmental and learning potential. Having knowledge about the developmentRead MoreThe Intentional Termination Of A Pregnancy1250 Words   |  5 Pagesview it from a philosophical perspective is challenging because different values, characters, and situations have to be accounted for. Utilitarianism takes a more practical stance on the subject, for this view focuses on the maximizing of happiness. On the other hand, virtue ethics holds a high regard for the development of character rather than the mechanics of a deed. I admit that my personal objection to abortion is a strong one, however these philosophical theories will hopefully uphold a more

Compensated Demand Curve Free Essays

string(50) " where there is now a horizontal intercept of 50\." The Compensated Demand Curve Definition: the compensated demand curve is a demand curve that ignores the income effect of a price change, only taking into account the substitution effect. To do this, utility is held constant from the change in the price of the good. In this section, we will graphically derive the compensated demand curve from indifference curves and budget constraints by incorporating the substitution and income effects, and use the compensated demand curve to find the compensating variation. We will write a custom essay sample on Compensated Demand Curve or any similar topic only for you Order Now Let us consider a price increase for a normal good, a good whose demand increases as income increases. In Figure 7. e. 1, assume that the price of Y (PY) is $1, and that the individual has an income of $100. The initial price of X (PX) is $1, so the individual’s initial budget constraint is therefore BC1, with a vertical intercept of 100, and a horizontal intercept of 100. The individual reaches his optimum (maximizes utility) at point A, where his initial budget constraint BC1 is tangent to the indifference curve IC1. Let’s say that at this point, he maximizes his utility by consuming 43 units of good X. If PX increases from $1 to $2, his budget constraint will rotate inward until it reaches BC2 where there is now a horizontal intercept of 50. You read "Compensated Demand Curve" in category "Papers" The individual now reaches his new optimum where the indifference curve IC2 is tangent to BC2 at the point B, where he maximizes his utility by consuming 18 units of good X. We can use these points to plot a demand curve for good X: According to Figure 7. e. 1, when PX is $1, the individual maximizes utility at point A where he consumes 43 units of X. This information can be replotted on a curve showing the relationship between the price of X and the quantity of X consumed (figure 7. e. 2). At a price of $1, the individual will consume 43 units of X, so the point A will replot on figure 7. e. 2 as the point A’. Similarly at point B, at a price of $2, the individual will consume 18 units of X, so the point B will replot on figure 7. e. 2 as the point B’. If we connect A’ and B’ together, we will get the ordinary demand curve for good X In order to obtain the compensated demand curve, we must first observe 2 effects that take place as PX increases: Substitution Effect: when Px increases from $1 to $2, X becomes relatively more expensive than Y, so the individual consumes less X. To show the substitution effect, we must hold the individual’s utility constant. To do this, we draw a budget constraint BC3 that is parallel to BC2 and shift it up until it is just tangent to a point on his original indifference curve (IC1). This occurs at point C, where the consumer is consuming 29 units of X. The substitution effect is the movement from point A to C Income Effect: because Px has increased, the individual’s purchasing power has decreased, and thus has less money to spend on both X and Y. Because X is a normal good, the individual will consume more as his income increases. The individual will reach an optimum at point B where he will consume 18 units of X. The income effect is the movement from point C to B To summarize, Total effect = Substitution Effect + Income Effect = A to C +C to B We have already found the ordinary demand curve by replotting points A and B as points A’ and B’. In essence, this is the total effect of the increase in PX. Because the compensated demand curve assumes that utility is held constant, it only shows the substitution effect. Therefore, we simply have to replot points A and C. We have already determined that point A replots as A’ at a price of $1 and a quantity of 43. At point C, the individual consumes 29 units at a price of $2; so we can replot this point as point C’ on figure 7. e. 2. If we connect these 2 points together, we get the compensated demand curve. We can prove that good X is a normal good. One way to do it is to look at Figure 7. e. and notice that between points B and C, as income increases, the consumption of good X increases, which fits the definition of a normal good. Another way is to look at the compensated demand curve and compare it with the ordinary demand curve. The compensated demand curve in figure 7. e. 2 is steeper than the ordinary demand curve. When this condition holds, good X is a normal good. We can also use the compensated demand curve to find the compensating variation. The compensating variation is the amount of money required to restore an individual to his original utility level when prices change. In figure 7. e. 2, it is represented by the area between the two prices, and left of the compensated demand curve – it is the sum of areas S and T. Meanwhile the change in consumer surplus is simply the area between the two prices and left of the ordinary demand curve – it is the area S ——————————————————————————————————————————————– †¢ Next, consider a price decrease for an inferior good, a good whose demand decreases as income increases. In Figure 7. e. 3, assume that the price of Y (PY) is $1, and that the individual has an income of $100. The initial price of X (PX) is $2, so the individual’s initial budget constraint is therefore BC1, with a vertical intercept of 100, and a horizontal intercept of 50. The individual reaches his optimum (maximizes utility) at point A, where his initial budget constraint BC1 is tangent to the indifference curve IC1. Let’s say that at this point, he maximizes his utility by consuming 17 units of good X. If PX decreases from $2 to $1, his budget constraint will rotate outward until it reaches BC2 where there is now a horizontal intercept of 100. The individual now reaches his new optimum where the indifference curve IC2 is tangent to BC2 at the point B, where he maximizes his utility by consuming 28 units of good X. Using the same method as described in figure 7. e. 1 and figure 7. e. 2, we can replot A and B on figure 7. e. 3 as A’ and B’ on figure 7. e. 4. If we connect these points together, we will get the ordinary demand curve for good X In order to obtain the compensated demand curve, we must first observe 2 effects that take place as PX increases: Substitution Effect: when Px decreases from $2 to $1, X becomes relatively cheaper than Y, so the individual will consume more X. To show the substitution effect, we must hold the individual’s utility constant. To do this, we draw a budget constraint BC3 that is parallel to BC2 and shift it down until it is just tangent to a point on his original indifference curve (IC1). This occurs at point C, where the consumer is consuming 33 units of X. The substitution effect is the movement from point A to C Income Effect: Px has decreased, so the individual’s purchasing power has increased, and thus has more money to spend on both X and Y. Because X is an inferior good, the individual will consume less as his income increases. The individual will reach an optimum at point B where he will consume 28 units of X. The income effect is the movement from point C to B To summarize, Total effect = Substitution Effect + Income Effect = A to C +C to B Using the same method as described in figure 7. . 1 and figure 7. e. 2, we can replot A and C on figure 7. e. 3 as A’ and C’ on figure 7. e. 4. If we connect these points together, we will get the compensated demand curve for good X We can prove that good X is an inferior good. One way to do it is to look at Figure 7. e. 3 and notice that between points B and C, as income increases, the consumption of good X decreases, which fits the definition of an inferior good. Anothe r way is to look at the compensated demand curve and compare it with the ordinary demand curve. The compensated demand curve in figure 7. e. 4 is flatter than the ordinary demand curve. When this condition holds, good X is an inferior good. Again, we can also use the compensated demand curve to find the compensating variation. It is the area between the two prices, and left of the compensated demand curve – it is the sum of areas S and T ——————————————————————————————————————————————– †¢ Let us now consider a price decrease for an extreme case: a giffen good. A giffen good violates the law of demand and results in an upward sloping demand curve. In Figure 7. e. 5, assume that the price of Y (PY) is $1, and that the individual has an income of $100. The initial price of X (PX) is $1, so the individual’s initial budget constraint is therefore BC1, with a vertical intercept of 100, and a horizontal intercept of 50. The individual reaches his optimum (maximizes utility) at point A, where his initial budget constraint BC1 is tangent to the indifference curve IC1. Let’s say that at this point, he maximizes his utility by consuming 37 units of good X. If PX decreases from $2 to $1, his budget constraint will rotate outward until it reaches BC2 where there is now a horizontal intercept of 100. The individual now reaches his new optimum where the indifference curve IC2 is tangent to BC2 at the point B, where he maximizes his utility by consuming 30 units of good X. The total consumption of good X has actually decreased; let us decompose this. Using the same method as described in figure 7. e. 1 and figure 7. e. 2, we can replot A and B on figure 7. e. 5 as A’ and B’ on figure 7. e. 6. The shape of the ordinary demand curve for a giffen good is as follows: between the points A and B, it is upward sloping (known as the â€Å"Giffen Range†), and at any price above or below points A and B, respectively, the demand curve is downward sloping. This results in a backward-bending ordinary demand curve W In order to obtain the compensated demand curve, we must first observe 2 effects that take place as PX increases: Substitution Effect: when Px decreases from $2 to $1, X becomes relatively cheaper than Y, so the individual will consume more X. To show the substitution effect, we must hold the individual’s utility constant. To do this, we draw a budget constraint BC3 that is parallel to BC2 and shift it down until it is just tangent to a point on his original indifference curve (IC1). This occurs at point C, where the consumer is consuming 47 units of X. The substitution effect is the movement from point A to C Income Effect: Px has decreased, so the individual’s purchasing power has increased, and thus has more money to spend on both X and Y. Because X is a giffen good, the individual will consume less as his income increases; also note that the income effect is stronger than the substitution effect. This results in the individual reaching an optimum at point B where he will consume 30 units of X. The income effect is the movement from point C to B To summarize, Total effect = Substitution Effect + Income Effect = A to C +C to B Using the same method as described in figure 7. e. 1 and figure 7. e. 2, we can replot A and C on figure 7. e. 5 as A’ and C’ on figure 7. e. 6. If we connect these points together, we will get the compensated for good X Note that the compensated demand curve is still downward sloping. This is because the substitution effect always works in one direction, while the income effect can work in both directions Study Questions 1) Redraw figure 7. e. 1 and figure 7. e. 2 for a decrease in the price of a normal good. Shade the area representing the compensation variation. 2) Redraw figure 7. e. 3 and figure 7. e. 4 for an increase in the price of an inferior good. Shade the area representing the compensation variation. 3) Redraw figure 7. e. 5 and figure 7. e. 6 for an increase in the price of a giffen good. Shade the area representing the compensation variation. How to cite Compensated Demand Curve, Papers

Nursing for Holistic and Traditional Treatment- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theNursing for Holistic and Traditional Treatment. Answer: Description Expanding migration and increased industrialisation have led to communities across the globe that support diverse cultures and people from different ethnic backgrounds working and living together. Professions from different domains, including healthcare,are rapidly witnessing diversification as individuals from different background are working in collaboration with each other. The impact of such diverse nature of workforce has a remarkable impact on the quality of care delivered to patients (Willis et al., 2016).At this juncture I as an enrolled nurse would like to reflect on the influence of my peers background on my practice since she is from a different social and cultural background. My fellow worker, Ms. S is a member of the indigenous population of Australia. As highlighted by her, there lies significant differences between our thoughts and beliefs regarding holistic and traditional treatment options that can be administered to patients. while she believed that it is always bet ter to treat patients with alternative forms of medicine, I have a strict bias towards westernised medication treatment options. In addition, she had aa faith on natural healing process and did not support medication treatment owing to the adverse impacts they bring along. Feelings I was aware from my previous knowledge that indigenous people are the group of population descending from those living in the country from the initial stage as well as those from the islands nearby settling in Australia as a result of colonisation (Best Stuart, 2014).I was presented with the idea that there are distinct differences between the language, customs, social and cultural beliefs of indigenous and non-indigenous people. My previous experience had taught me that attitude and beliefs of indigenous population are orthodox in nature and that they are staunch believers of traditional form of medicines. I felt that they were backward in their level of knowledge and narrow minded, since they held themselves within a boundary where lights of modern science has not reached. Further, I felt that the health beliefs that this population uphold is the result of experiences they had in past pertaining to mortality. I was not in complete support of the approach these individuals have tow ards health care. Evaluation As my interaction with my peer progressed, I gained more knowledge in the course of therapeutic approaches that they believe in. Different forms of therapeutic approaches are prominent that are widely recommended by this population, one of the most significant ones being complementary medicine. An increasing body of literature points out that complementary medicine services are being used by a substantial proportion of the indigenous population. Complementary medicine refers to the diverse range of clinical practices like naturopathy, massage therapy and acupuncture, as well as treatments like homeopathy and herbal medicines (Micozzi, 2014). I was overwhelmed to find that my peer had much faith in these practices and engaged in continual research for finding out the advancements made in this field. She had taken initiative to explain me the importance of complementary medicines and how they work. As she cleared by doubts and proved many of my assumptions wrong, there was a gradual ch ange in my viewpoint and how I had looked down on complementary medicine all this while. A valuable resource that would be helpful for my peer about use of complementary medicines is tga.gov.au, the website is referred by a number of scholars who want to enhance their knowledge about the topic and implement them in their practice (tga.gov.au, 2017). Analysis Communication with my peer had contributed significantly in bringing about the changes in my viewpoints and opinions in a positive manner. I started developing faith in complementary medicines and felt an urge to know more about his form of therapeutic approach. As opined by Posadzki et al., (2013) compelemtnray medicines work in adjunct with modern pharmacological treatment for achieving better patient outcomes. It can be recognised as a positive catalyst for action of medical treatment for any disease. Black (2016) had highlighted that complementary medicines encompass the mind and the soul in the healing process. The body as a whole is targeted for gaining better health. In case a healthcare professional is not educated about the effectiveness of complementary medicines, it is suggested that research is conducted using different resources for being updated on the topic (Ching et al., 2013). Conclusion From the reflection, it might be concluded that indigenous population have a different set of beliefs and values pertaining to treatment and care for different diseases. The communication with my peer, who come from a different background, was an eye-opener for me that taught me the need of understanding other healthcare professionals viewpoint and perception regarding different forms of treatment. Health care professionals are to be provided with resources so that they can engage in continual research for professional development. To ensure that an indigenous Australian feels safe in a healthcare setting, it is fundamental to concede the cultural background of the person as well as communicate in a transparent manner that shows dignity and respect. Action In future, a change in my practice would be imperative for my professional development. I would ensure that I respect other professionals beliefs and perceptions before putting forward an argument. I would clearly communicate with other professionals in case of any conflicts arising regarding the form of treatment that is to be given for a certain patient. References Best, O., Stuart, L. (2014). An Aboriginal nurse-led working model for success in graduating Indigenous Australian nurses.Contemporary nurse,48(1), 59-66. Black, B. (2016).Professional Nursing-E-Book: Concepts Challenges. Elsevier Health Sciences. Ching, S. M., Zakaria, Z. A., Paimin, F., Jalalian, M. (2013). Complementary alternative medicine use among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the primary care setting: a cross-sectional study in Malaysia.BMC complementary and alternative medicine,13(1), 148. Micozzi, M. S. (2014).Fundamentals of Complementary and Alternative Medicine-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Posadzki, P., Watson, L. K., Alotaibi, A., Ernst, E. (2013). Prevalence of use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) by patients/consumers in the UK: systematic review of surveys.Clinical Medicine,13(2), 126-131. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). (2017).Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Retrieved 14 October 2017, from https://www.tga.gov.au Willis, E., Reynolds, L., Keleher, H. (Eds.). (2016).Understanding the Australian health care system. Elsevier Health Sciences.

My Academic Goals free essay sample

Everyday I see someone with special needs. Somewhere, sometime†¦every day. Either at school, or walking down the sidewalk. When I see them, I think, who helps them? Who is the one that looks after them during the day? I want to be that person. My goal is to become a special education teacher. I want to learn about teaching, and the people. I feel that the special education kids seem to be more genuine than people who have no disabilities. I want to educate them. The grade level doesn’t matter, or age. I want to spend my work day helping them, and making their day better than how it started. It may be difficult at first, but I think it will eventually get better. A good friend of mine, Ellie, is a special education student. She walked by our lunch table and asked a girl I sit with if she had a joke to tell. We will write a custom essay sample on My Academic Goals or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Then, she started to sit with us at lunch and she started to talk to me and ask me questions. She now calls me every night and talks to me on Facebook. I wanted to be a teacher my whole life. My sisters and I would play school when we were younger. My oldest sister would be the principal, my middle sister would be the teacher and I was stuck being the student every time. I was the student so many times, that I ended up wanting to play the teacher. The more I wanted it, the more it became what I wanted to do with my life. That’s how I decided on teaching. Then I was stuck. What kind of teacher did I want to be? One reason is because every Monday night I watch The Secret Life of the American Teenager. There is a character on that show named Tom. Tom has Down syndrome. He is the funniest character on that show and he makes my mom and I laugh all the time because of the jokes he makes. Tom influenced my choice of being a special education teacher because of his personality. I was in church a couple weeks ago, and there were three people with special needs sitting in the front. One of them was across the aisle from the other two. He was waving to them throughout the mass. I thought that was cool. He was being considerate of his friends and waved to them in the middle of mass to say â€Å"hi.† I like being around people with special needs. They are loving and caring. Mentally, they are little kids in a grown-up’s body. That’s what the world needs: grown-ups acting like little kids. But the special needs are not acting like little kids, it’s who they are. Being a special needs educator is what I want to do with my life. Special needs kids are the kind of people I want to be with every day and help. They should be able to feel joy from learning, and want to go to school every day to learn. Teaching them is a dream of mine. I hope that the UW school system would also think so and accept me. I can carry on the tradition of education to people who are over looked in society, but are the most important, because they are the most real.

Hemophilia in Queen Victoria’s Descendants

Hemophilia in Queen Victoria’s Descendants Three or four of the children of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert are known to have had the hemophilia gene.  A son, four grandsons, and six or seven great-grandsons and possibly a great-granddaughter were afflicted with hemophilia. Two or three daughters and four granddaughters were carriers who passed the gene to the next generation, without themselves being afflicted with the disorder. How Inheriting Hemophilia Work Hemophilia  is a chromosome disorder which is located on the sex-linked X chromosome.  The trait is recessive, which means that women, with two X chromosomes, must inherit it from both mother and father for the disorder to appear.  Men, however, have only one X chromosome, inherited from the mother, and the Y chromosome all men inherit from the father does not protect the male child from manifesting the disorder. If a mother is a carrier of the gene (one of her two X chromosomes has the abnormality) and the father is not, as seems to have been the case with Victoria and Albert, their sons have a 50/50 chance of inheriting the gene and being active hemophiliacs, and their daughters have a 50/50 chance of inheriting the gene and being a carrier, also passing it along to half of their children. The gene can also appear spontaneously as a mutation on an X chromosome, without the gene being present in the X chromosomes of either father or mother. Where Did the Hemophilia Gene Come From? Queen Victoria’s mother, Victoria, Duchess of Kent, did not pass a hemophilia gene to her older son from her first marriage, nor did her daughter from that marriage seem to have the gene to pass down to her offspring - the daughter, Feodora, had three sons and three daughters.  Queen Victoria’s father, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, did not show signs of hemophilia.  There is a small possibility that the Duchess had a lover who had survived to adulthood though afflicted with hemophilia, it would have been highly unlikely that a man with hemophilia would have survived to adulthood at that time in history.  Prince Albert showed no signs of the disease, so he’s unlikely to have been the source of the gene, and not all the daughters of Albert and Victoria seem to have inherited the gene, which would have been true if Albert had the gene. The assumption from the evidence is that the disorder was a spontaneous mutation either in her mother at the time of the queen’s conception, or, more likely, in Queen Victoria. Which of Queen Victoria’s Children Had the Hemophilia Gene? Of Victoria’s four sons, only the youngest inherited hemophilia.  Of Victoria’s five daughters, two definitely were carriers, one was not, one had no children so it is not known whether she had the gene, and one may or may not have been a carrier. Victoria, Princess Royal, German Empress and Queen of Prussia: her sons showed no signs of being afflicted, and none of her daughters’ descendants were, either, so she apparently did not inherit the gene.Edward VII: he was not a hemophiliac, so he did not inherit the gene from his mother.Alice, Grand Duchess of Hesse: she definitely carried the gene and passed it to three of her children.  Her fourth child and only son, Friedrich, was afflicted and died before he was three.  Of her four daughters who lived to adulthood, Elizabeth died childless, Victoria (maternal grandmother of Prince Philip) was apparently not a carrier, and Irene and Alix had sons who were hemophiliacs.  Alix, known later as Empress Alexandra of Russia, passed the gene to her son, the Tsarevitch Alexei, and his affliction influenced the course of Russian history.Alfred, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: he was not a hemophiliac, so he did not inherit the gene from his mother.Princess Helena: she had two sons who died in infancy, which might be attributed to hemophilia, but that is not certain. Her other two sons showed no signs, and her two daughters did not have children. Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll: she had no children, so there is no way to know if she had inherited the gene.Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught: he was not a hemophiliac, so he did not inherit the gene from his mother.Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany: he was a hemophiliac who died after two years of marriage when bleeding could not be stopped after he fell. His daughter Princess Alice was a carrier, passing the gene to her eldest son who died when he bled to death after an automobile accident.  Alice’s younger son died in infancy so may or may not have been afflicted, and her daughter seems to have escaped the gene, as none of her descendants have been afflicted.  Leopold’s son, of course, did not have the disease, as sons do not inherit a father’s X chromosome.Princess Beatrice: like her sister Alice, she definitely carried the gene.  Two or three of her four children had the gene.  Her son Leopold bled to death during a knee operation at 32. Her son Ma urice was killed in action in World War I, and it’s disputed whether hemophilia was the cause. Beatrice’s daughter, Victoria Eugenia, married King Alfonso XIII of Spain, and their two sons both bled to death after car accidents, one at 31, one at 19.  Victoria Eugenia and Alfonso’s daughters have no descendants who’ve shown signs of the condition.

Physical Attractiveness and Long-term Relationships Essay

Physical Attractiveness and Long-term Relationships - Essay Example Women often favor the "macho man" than his less attractive competitor. Accordingly, "Human attraction to aesthetics, good looks advertise good health" (Lecture, 7/18/2007). True enough, physical beauty alone can blind individuals and lure them to dive into an intimate association. In the real world situations, it is notable that the satisfaction of the physical ideals becomes an important basis in people's search for casual, non-committed, short term relationships. However, physical attractiveness alone is insufficient in sustaining that bond let alone ensure the longevity of that relationship. It becomes apparent that both sexes relax their ideals of physical attractiveness when considering a long term partnership. An intimate relationship which is fully founded on the physical attractiveness of each partner is most likely to fail. Beauty is a shallow basis in pursuing a long-lasting relationship. The success or even the mere survival of a relationship depends on more intrinsic factors like the partner's acceptance of each other, sensitivity, commitment to the relationship, and most especially their level of understanding and love to each other. Real life examples provide us more than enough illustration to support this argument. As partners goes through their relationship, they become overwhelmed with concerns which are bigger than what meets the eye. Thus, as they began to face the storms and struggles, they begin to care less about the physical appearance of their partner. In fact, just spending time with the person 24 hours a day each day of the week makes the importance of physical beauty fade into the background. At this stage, the partners become more concerned on their individual diffe rences, emotional struggles, and other problems. The ability of the partners to surpass these critical periods is determined by their love for each other alone and not on their level of physical attractiveness. Love alone, which enables a person to accept his partner for all that she is and instills him with the commitment to make the relationship work, can sustain a long term partnership. Relationships which are founded on immediate physical attraction are more likely to fail when individual differences become apparent. In fact, these partnerships are often disastrous and can be attributed to the high divorce rate and long-term singledom (Feinmann, s. 4). Physical attractiveness can be more detrimental than beneficial in a relationship. Studies stress that beauty often boosts the self-confidence of women, gives them security in the relationship and becomes their ticket in doing dirty tactics: "Data from young U.S. females show that compared to less-attractive females, attractive females report higher frequencies of using attractiveness enhancement tactics (e.g., wearing makeup), flirting with other males to make a date jealous, and acting possessively" (Elia/Chen p.33). All of the aforementioned strategies of more attractive female becomes damaging to the relationship because they can become causes of disagreement between partners. Flirting with other men and becoming overly possessive are two things which are extremely loathed and are unacceptable to guys. In this way, physical attracti

Portfolio Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Portfolio - Term Paper Example In our mentor class, we did a number of readings which contributed to my progress as well as my knowledge of people (human beings) and emotions. The first reading that we did was that of â€Å"Human Is† by Dick Phillip. The theme behind this reading was that of kindness in human beings. One character by the name of Lester intrigued me because of his human nature and character. He was a very mean person since he preferred his career and dreams other than his wife and family. However, he turned out to be a changed person who was kind to his wife and people around him. What I liked about this reading was that I experienced the same kindness when I went to school in the US. My classmates did understand me and where I was coming from and they helped me to achieve my improved reading and writing skills. The other reading that I liked was that of Calvino, â€Å"Love Far from Home†. I connected with it since it spoke a lot about love for family when away from them. This was the same feeling that I felt when I left my family to study in the US. The third reading that intrigued me was that of Pilz (2005). The reason why I loved this reading was that it gave me comfort that the experiences and loneliness that I was having were common among international students in the US. So this made me feel like I was not alone and better days were to come for me. The fourth and fifth readings were those of Berry (1996) and Berry (2009) respectively. Both readings gave me an insight into agriculture, culture and nature in the US. For example, Berry (1996) talked about the importance of ensuring that the environment that we live in is in accordance with nature. This made me look at the US in this manner – a lot of the foods are processed and that is actually the American culture. Back at home, there are less processed foods as a lot of people do traditional farming. In addition, Berry (2009) gave an emphasis that agricultural activities should â€Å"emulate nature†. He

Concert Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Concert Report - Essay Example It seemed that even G.E.M herself was also surprised (Arrow, 2007). I cannot think of any song of G.E.M. that is totally loved and is not included in the set of songs she did. The bottom line of the argument is that G.E.M. is a very superb pop star and is one of the many talented singers in the world. One of the things that surprise a lot of people is that most of her concerts are subtitled though not in the English language that sounded so brightly (Timbre). From that I understood her style of impressionist that when she did her song in Cantonese, a mandarin translation of the lyrics was displayed. And when she did her mandarin songs, a Cantonese translation was displayed. The amazing thing was how accurate it followed the vocals of the G.E.M. on things she actually did in English was to cover Rolling in the Deep by artist Adele which she actually performed in the middle of the of the G.E.M. which in essence means keep everybody moving and this is basically the theme of her songs. G.E.M knew how to make her audience feel pleased. Most of her audiences were familiar with the genre of her song where in most cases; she used a symphony as she did her songs. She spent most part of the evening performing most of her popular songs from the competition for example her own bubbles and even the Beyond like you, David Huang,s You Make Me Drunk. I must also point out that G.E.M did a lot of her song using various dynamics for example drum solo during the show, played guitar on a song and even played piano on a song or two as well. To be fair, her drummer was also in harmony with the song that was played on the stage, playing with a consonant sound that she used when she did the drum solo. To speak the truth it was one of the hells in the show most probably because a lot of people slowly making their ways into the arena and as usual she dint want to begin hers show with a half of the audience present while others are absent. The show hit the ground at around

Health Promotion Education

Health Promotion Education Health promotion or education strategies are applicable to all health problems and are not restricted to any particular health issue or particular group of behaviours. World Health Organization (WHO) (1986) explains that health promotion entails the processes which make possible people to enhance their understanding and control their health in order to improve their health. For a person to attain a state of full physical, psychological as well as social happiness a person or a group has to be able to recognise and understand goals, to satisfy their wants, and modify or deal with the environment as well as illness. Thus, health is viewed as a resource for daily life, and not the goal of living. More so, health is a constructive aspect stressing social as well as personal resources together with physical abilities. Consequently, health promotion or education is not only the duty of health sector, except tit entails much more than a healthy life-style. This essay seeks to address the ro le that health education/promotion can play in empowering patients to take more responsibility for their own health. A lot of present day and tomorrows main causes of disease, disability and even death are issues which can be greatly reduced through preventive attitudes which are learned through health promotion or education in earlier ages and build through social as well as political strategies and stipulations. However as Naidoo and Wills (2000):observes, Health promotion programs need to be harmonized through effective collaboration across all sectors, professions as well as health agencies, And should be conveyed in way which is sensitive to the culture of the people. Naidoo and Wills (2000) underscore the 1997 WHO Jakarta declaration which outlined five main approaches for effective health promotion /education. Formulating a healthy public strategy Creating a supportive atmosphere Strengthening community action plan Development of personal skills and abilities Reorientation of health services Partnership working Health promotion delivery can be highly improved through creation of partnership working as noted by the WHO. Widening the foundation of health intervention approaches implies tackling socio-economic together with environmental aspects, improvement of accessibility to health services, reduction of inequalities in addition to targeting health education to each and every group regardless of age, gender, and status or age differences. Addressing health inequalities In order to formulate an effective health promotion strategy, health inequalities has to be addressed and taken as part of formulation of education plan (Braun et al, 2000). Professions in all health bodies have a duty of delivering successful local health interventions in order to decrease inequalities. In addition to that, all professions in health agencies have a duty to address health promotion or education and preventative measures which aim at reducing effects caused by sore throat A lot of suggestions put forward by Braun et al (2000) can be undertaken within a local set-up, for instance raising the intake of advantages within a suitable group, formulating health education in schools, promoting waking and making sure that all the requirements from all groups of people even the ethnic minorities are considered when formulating health policies. Frameworks There are a number of models which have been formulated in order to help in heath promotion, these models are basically grouped into two main groups which are: Health promotion concepts which describe health promotion as a scope of interventions (formulated by, Tannahill (1985); French and Adams (1986); Beattie (1991)) Health promotion model which analyse health determinants and suggest responsive measures (Laframboise (1973); Raeburn and Rootman, (1989); Hancock, 1993) In these two main classes of health promotion models, Naidoo and Wills (2000) explains that, the health practitioners are viewed as leaders (figures with power) or as facilitators of activities (negotiators) Beatties model of health promotion According to this model, there are four main aspects entailed in health promotion. These main aspects are: Health persuasion Personal counselling Community development Legislative action These four main aspects contribute in attaining a full picture when formulating a local health promotion action strategy for partnership collaboration. Ajzen, (1991) clearly observes that, all heath promotion models measures require understating by the patients own intent to change his/her behaviour. The concept of intended behaviour by Ajzen (1991) is among a number of behaviour modification outlined in health promotion main steps. According to this concept, there are three main steps regarding an individuals intended behaviour these are: A persons attitude is determined his/her thinking regarding the consequences The expectations from other people The persons supposed control and values in their capacity to change Every agency or persons involved in health promotion is highly encouraged to apply these concepts in supporting their individual initiatives whilst formulating a multi-partnership long term plan. Nurse practitioners Nurse practitioners have more experience which they gain through extra training they get which gives the ability to see patients who have various minor illnesses as well as injuries. This entails going through the history of the illness, undertaking a physical analyses, instigating blood tests or performing any other test as it may be indicated. In addition to that the nurse practitioner has a duty of carrying out a diagnosis as well as giving treatment options to the patient. It is against this background that makes these nurse practitioners to be in a better position of performing health promotion/ education in order to empower patients with knowledge on how to manager a number of minor illness which are common but not alarming. As such nurse practitioners are in a central position of empowering patients on sore throat management. Minor illness: Sore throat Many of minor illness such as sore throat can be mainly be managed through O.T.C (over the counter) non prescriptions drugs which are able to offer relief to the symptoms. Nevertheless, it is Robbins et al (2003) notes that all minor illnesses have a possibility of turning out to be serious. Patients should be advised that they should seek for the services of a doctor or a nurse in case the symptoms of such an illness are sore throat turns to be severe or in case there is sudden change of symptoms upon taking the OTC drugs, or when they are not working. Robbins et al (2003) observes that, patients with sore throat can be advised not to sure any outdated drug or antibiotics which they used in the past, this information are also pertinent to patients with other minor illness. Sore throat management Sore throat is among the most common minor illnesses which affect persons of all ages all over the world. However, children have been known to suffer from sore throat more than adults, on an average it has been established that children suffer from sore throat five or six times every year (Health Development Agency, 2004). In UK, about 90 of children in pre-school age group are known to look for consultation form a doctor at on point or another, mainly for symptoms which are associated with sore throat. Sore throat is among top ten common illnesses which patients come for consultation in primary care, whereby children seek consultation than any other group. More so, about one child in every 7 children who consult because of sore throat will again seek for consultation for sore throat after some time (Health Development Agency, 2004). These numbers have changed just slightly over the years. Adult Patients on the other hand on many occasions show anxiety as well as hopelessness when de aling with sore throat. Such problems and worries can be effectively addressed through the provision of reliable clear information about health, through heath promotion activities. (Health Development Agency, 2004) Nursing practitioner can use heath promotion to increase the ability of patients to manage sore throat. Sore throat management in general nursing practice and advancement to tonsillectomy in some cases lead to noteworthy use of health care services resources. In many cases, sore throat condition is comparatively minor and also self restrictive. Sore throat has got very little if any lasting adverse health consequences. Nonetheless, a considerable proportion of patients undergo undesirable morbidity and inconveniences caused by sore throat. Due to this many patients seek health practitioners who may keenly treat them, using antibiotics of substantial costs and questionable efficiency. (Health Development Agency, 2004) Basing on data from national health care records, sore throat is ranked as the eighth very common appearance in primary health care for many people (NSH, 2000). This translates to about 1 person in every 30 people. National Health Services (NHS) has averaged that annually, there are 0.1 consultations carried out concerning sore throat. Assuming that each consultation made cost 10 sterling pounds, then it cost the National Health Services (NHS), about 60 million sterling pounds every year, before adding any other cost of investigating or treating sore throat. Hence, heath promotion becomes very important in reducing these costs and in empowering people on how to manage sore throat. In addition many of sore throat illness gain exceptionally little from treatment through using antibiotics (Schalock 2000) Yet again; the use of these antibiotics continues to be common with many patients with sore throat receiving antibiotics. But, unnecessary prescription of antibiotic only results in wasted heath care resources, results in a cycle which promotes additional consultations in future for same sore throat illness and as well contributes a lot to the antibiotic resistance problem. Factors which influence people to take a decision to seek consultations comprise concerns, beliefs, knowledge and also expectations. Patients often dread any illness, and they mainly worry that they may not be capable of recognizing symptoms of a grave aliment (Ajzen 2002). Some patients get anxious of ‘bothering their normal practitioners with sore throat illness. At the same time these patients do not have knowledge about have best to treat a sore throat. Patients might have certain belief regarding the causes of sore throat illness (Ajzen, 2002), the implications of the sore throat symptoms and also the effectiveness of drugs to treat sore throat. Lazenbatt et al (2001) explains that, offering patients with information which is written regarding sore throat illness may assist to decrease the anxiety these patients suffer and improve the patient satisfaction as well as enablement. More so, the use these written information can reduce s re-consultations rates and use of antibiotics to cure sore throat. Expectations with which patients come at consultations rooms may have an impact on the way patients may be treated. There is no doubt that a patient who walks into a consultation room being expected to treated with antibiotic may end up being prescribed by an antibiotic particularly from a drug stores. But, studies have indicated that patients value getting a through assessment, explanations, assurance and guidance or advice more that receiving prescriptions. Such revelations show the importance and the value of these patients being offered health education regarding the management of their illness, in this case sore throat. (Lazenbatt et al 2001) Health promotion The present scope of nursing does acknowledge the key role of nurse practitioners in health promotion /education, Prevention of diseases and treatment of these diseases, sore throat management through medications as well as through non medication treatment. The public frequently seek out nurse practitioners as their main source of health advice and also care for a number of minor illnesses since nurse practitioners are easily assessable. In 2001 a report by Department of Health (2001a) underscored the importance of nurse practitioners in health promotion and highlighted the advantages of using these practitioners in health promotion at the same time calling for them to collaborate with other professions in health promotion/ education regarding minor illness. Sore throat A number of measures have been formulated which nursing practitioners can use to in promoting health education regarding sore throat. National Health Services (NHS) recommends that the following steps should be followed by the practitioners in health promotion: Throat swabs need not to be done as a routine in sore throat examination Practitioners should not relay on clinical examination to distinguish between bacterial and viral sore throat Do not perform rapid antigen routine in the case of sore throat, but it is suggested that research has to be carried out through the use of antibody titres. Patients need to be told by nurse practitioners that the common cause of sore throat is a virus or bacteria, though some other causes can also lead to sore throat. But, when one gets a sore throat it is possible to mange the sore throat by undertaking the following steps. Taking of pain killers, in specific soluble analgesia, dissolve tow tablets and take them three times each day, it has been proved to be highly effective Rest your voice when having sore throat as much as you can keep off smoking if you smoke and avoid smoky surroundings Increase the amounts of fluids you take, keep your self warm and try going to sleep early. Take antibacterial lozenges only or together with throat sprays which contains anaesthetics to get pain relief. When a patient takes these steps, a lot of sore throat cases will be treated without necessary going to the get a doctor or seeking other heath practitioners services. However if a person takes the above mentions steps and still feels the following, then he/she needs to see the doctor. Relentless sore throat Having problems in swallowing or having severe pain when swallowing Experiencing fever or chill Wheeze for those patients who suffer from asthma or having difficulties in breathing Experiencing lethargy Sore throat Management Paracetamol is successful and efficient in treating symptoms related to sore throat when administered within 48 hours. Pateients can also use ibuprofen effectively to manage symptoms related to sore throat if they take it within the48 hours. Patients need to take paracetamol as a medication of analgesia caused by sore throat , putting in consideration the high dangers which are related to other analgesics When using antibiotics patients, its is important the nursing practitioners as well educate the general public and patients in particular on management of sore throat in relation to antibiotics. In particular these information needs to be delivered: Penicillin seems to have a crucial (though small) advantage against analgestics/antipyretics specifically in initial lessening of symptoms in patients who have harsh symptoms of sore throat. Nevertheless, antibiotics must not be taken routinely to bring about symptomatic reprieve in cases of sore throat. Sore throat need not to be treated using antibiotics particularly to avert the rheumatic fever development or severe glomerulonephritis development Using antibiotics can avert cross infection of sore throat within the group A beta haemolytic in situation where institutions are closed for example boarding schools or barracks. However, the antibiotics must not be routinely applied to avert cross infection of sore throat within the common community. (Roberts, et al, 2002) To prevent suppurative complication in sore throat infection does not imply specific sign for antibiotic treatment. Preventing sore throats It is not possible to fully prevent sore throat; however the nurse practitioners have to educate the patients on how to reduce the risks and the manner in which to take care so that one can avoid getting sore throat as much as its possible. The following steps are important preventative measure which needs to be undertaken by each individual: Taking a well balanced and healthy meal with lots of vegetables and fresh fruits Getting enough sleep in the night and enough rest Not smoking Avoiding surroundings which are smoky as much as one can manage Indications of tonsillectomy in sore throat In cases where tonsillectomy develops as a result of sore throat, then patients have to know that the following aspects may occur: They mare suffer five or extra cases of sore throat each year, or may have sore throat symptoms through out the year. It is recommended that patients should take six month duration being watchful of any symptoms before tonsillectomy in order to establish strongly the manner of the symptoms and permit patients to take into account the entire implications of having an operation. The moment a decision is reached to perform tonsillectomy, then the operation should be performed as quickly as possible, in order to maximise the duration of benefit prior to natural resolution of symptoms occurring (without having performed tonsillectomy). The health practitioners should know that sore throat which is related with respiratory problems or stridor is an utter warning for a patient to be admitted. But, at the same time practitioners have to be aware of the basic psychosocial influences among patients coming to seek medication because of sore throat (Morrell et al, 2000). Heath promotion evaluation In order to make any program more effective it is important that it should be evaluated. Nurse practitioners are advised to put into consideration all measures which have been taken. Planning processes, implementation of the program and evaluation of whole processes are all important elements of health promotion. As Whiteland, (2001) notes, planning and implementation phases of any specific health associated programme are essential for making sure that the program is successful. Have an effective plan and implementation process allows the practitioners to anticipate for proper evaluation processes. When carrying out health promotion/ education many nurse practitioners do not normally put into consideration every element of the program processes. In many cases planning stage is the one that is emphasized. Whiteleand (2001) adds that it is not common to see a proof of evaluative measures in health promotion. But: Evaluation is important since it offers the crucial tool for health promotion practitioner Knowledge base which shows various health promotion evaluation methods as well as approaches are need to effectively implement a successful health promotion. Without carrying out an evaluative processes, there are reservations that health promotion program may not achieve its objective, and may fail to settle those funding the program. According to Schalock, (2000); South and Tilford (2000): there are a number of reasons as to why it is imperative that health practitioners undertake evaluate health promotion programs. For example, practitioner has to evaluate the level and degree to which the promotion program has and is attaining its objective. In addition to making sure that the program is cost-effective. In accordance with the above mention reasons to appraise health promotion plan, are the rising rationalisation programs of health services. The present economic situation in UKs National Health Services (NHS), together with latest deep-seated quality related changes, has resulted to increased attention of examining health promotion (South and Tilford, 2000; Raphael,2000). In addition to that, Tones (2000) highlights two major classes of evaluation, these are, assessing what has been attained and assessing the manner in which the objectives have been attained. Thus, nurse practitioners may use a number of available evaluation methods such as evidence-based, cost-effective or performance management (Lazenbatt et al, 2001; Morrell et al, 2000) to assess how effective health promotion regarding sore throat management is. The long-standing viewpoint Tones (2000) observe that, health promotion programs should incorporate socially empowerment as well as enabling activities. The program discussed here regarding sore throat was aimed at empowering patients to effectively control sore throat and reduces costs incurred in sore throat through promoting healthy lifestyles among measures encouraged. However, for health promotion program to be more effective, it should involve the whole community. The Beattie health promotion discussed earlier in this paper puts emphasis on building relations which last longer, and making sure that public health promotion/education, prevention, and protection are undertaken by the whole community, and not only nurse practitioners. For the health promotion program to be more effective, Bakley (2001) proposes that health promotion /education has to create a healthy public strategy, create supportive atmosphere, foster personal or group abilities and skills, enhance community action program, and re-orient health services. Conclusion Health promotion/education is programs carried out in order to enable people increase their control and improve their state of health. The aim is to make people to attain complete physical, psychological and social welfare. A person or a community must be in a position to identify and acknowledge aspirations to satisfy the needs as well as modify or manage the environment, or illness. Health is taken as daily a resource which needs to be maintained. There are a number of models which have been formulated that by different health experts who are used in health promotion strategies, and Beattie, (1991) health promotion model is commonly used. As it can be seen, sore throat is a minor illness which should not cause any alarm to a patient yet many people when suffering from sore throat end up with a lot of anxiety and using expensive antibiotics which is not really necessary. Thus, health promotion becomes more important in sensitising people on how not only manage sore throat but any ot her minor illness. But, for any health promotion program to be effective and successful, it should be monitored and evaluated to measure its achievements and ensure that it attains its goals and objectives. Reference: Ajzen I (2002): Perceived Behavioural Control, Self-Efficacy, Locus of Control, and the Theory of Planned Behaviour: Journal of Applied Social Psychology Ajzen, I (1991): The theory of planned behaviour: Organizational Behaviour and Human Decision Processes; 50 Allen J; Dyas J; Jones M; Allen J; Dyas J; Jones M (2002): Minor illness in children: parents views and use of health services: British Journal of Community Nursing 2002, Ashley A; Lloyd A; Lamb S and Bartlett H. (2001): Is health-related quality of life a suitable outcome measure for evaluating health promotion programmes: Nursing Times Research 6, Beattie, A (1991): Knowledge and control in health promotion: a test case for social policy and theory; in: Gabe, J; Calnan, M; Bury, M (edited) The Sociology of the Health Service; London; Routledge/ Taylor and Francis. Bakley A (2001): Evaluating Health Promotion: Methodological Diversity: In Using Research for Effective Health Promotion 🙠 Oliver S. Peersman G. Eds): Open University Press; Buckingham, Braun B; Fowles J; Solberg L; Kind E; Healey M; Anderson R (2000): Patient beliefs about the characteristics, causes, and care of the common cold:- an update :Journal of Family Practice Department of Health (2000): The NHS Plan: A plan for investment; a plan for reform: London; DH. Department of Health (2001a): The Expert Patient: A new approach to chronic disease management for the twenty-first century: London; DH Fitzmaurice D (2001): Written information for treating minor illness: British Medical Journal Health Development Agency (2004): Developing Healthy Communities; London; HDA Lazenbatt A; Orr J. and ONeill E (2001): Inequalities in health:-evaluation and effectiveness in practice. International Journal of Nursing Practice 7, Learmonth A. (2000): Utilising research in practice and generating evidence from practice. Health Education Research 15 Little P, et al (2001): Randomised controlled trial of self management leaflets and booklets for minor illness provided by post. British Medical Journal Morrell D, Avery J, Watkins J (2000): Management of minor illness: British Medical Journal Naidoo J and Wills J (2000): Health Promotion: Foundations for Practice; 2nd edition: Bailliere Tindall: London Naidoo, J and Wills, J (2000a): Health Promotion Foundations for Practice: London; Balliere Tindall Raphael D. Bryant T. (2000): Putting the population into population health: Canadian Journal of Public Health 91 Raphael D. (2000): The question of evidence in health promotion: Health Promotion International 15. Raphael D. (2000): The question of evidence in health promotion: Health Promotion International 15, Robbins H; Hundley V; Osman L (2003): Minor illness education for parents of young children: Journal of Advanced Nursing; 44(3) Roberts C et al (2002): Reducing physician visits for colds through consumer education: JAMA Schalock R (2000): Outcome-Based Evaluation: Kluwer Academic Publishers; London South J and Tilford S. (2000): Perceptions of research and evaluation in health promotion practice and influences on activity: Health Education Research 15, Tones K. (2000): Evaluating health promotion: a tale of three errors; Patient Education and Counselling 39, Tones, K (2000a): Evaluating health promotion. Patient Education and Counselling 39: 227-236. Whitehead D. (2001): A social cognitive model for health education/health promotion practice: Journal of Advanced Nursing 38, Whitehead D. (2001a): Health education, behavioural change and social psychology: nurslings contribution to health promotion? Journal of Advanced Nursing 35; World Health Organization (1986): The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion; Geneva; WHO World Health Organization (1997): The Jakarta Declaration: Geneva; WHO.

Hamlets Emotions, Actions, and Importance in the Nunnery Scene Essay

Hamlet's Emotions, Actions, and Importance in the Nunnery Scene "Like sweet bells jangled, out of time and harsh" Hamlet's trust is betrayed by the people who are dearest to his heart (III.i.87). The theme of betrayal takes root before the Shakespeare's tragedy begins, when Hamlet's uncle murders his father and marries his mother. These enormous betrayals, along with other pointed deceptions, justify many of Hamlet's words and actions. A striking example of the deceit Hamlet endures can be seen in act three, scene one of Hamlet: the nunnery scene. When Hamlet steps through the entryway he walks into a web of secrets, deception, and dishonesty. Determined to discover the nature of Hamlet's madness, the king and Polonius have summoned Hamlet to a place where they know he will "run into" Ophelia under their observation; the scene is a set-up. Hamlet is spied on by his stepfather and lied to by his love in this moment of cruel deceit. In Olivier's 1948 film version of Shakespeare's Hamlet, the nunnery scene allows Hamlet to articulate his frustration without confronting his enemies. Hamlet enters the scene fully aware of its contrived nature, like an actor taking his place on the stage. The ensuing performance is that of a narcissistic child wining just to hear the sound of his own voice; Olivier's Hamlet has no real interaction with any of the other characters in the scene. Olivier's choice to focus on Hamlet and his feelings, rather than the action going on around him, is highlighted in the nunnery scene and evident in the entire play Branagh, on the other hand sees Hamlet as a exciting tale of courtly intrigue and deception. Branagh' s Hamlet's truly affected by the action unfolding Olivier's open and abstract nunnery... ...with the deceit of those around him. Branagh's attempt to widen the scope of his Hamlet, beyond Olivier's interpretation of the play as a look into the main character's mind, allows him to generate a Nunnery scene far more engaging than Olivier's. Though it offers interesting insight into Hamlet's mind, Olivier's Nunnery Scene offers the audience no plot advancement and little action. By sharp contrast, Branagh's rendering unfolds to reveal exciting twists in the story and riveting conflict among the characters as they actively betray Hamlet's trust. Works Cited Carr, Jay. "Full-length Å’Hamlet' still swift." The Boston Globe January 1997: C5 Hamlet. Videocassette. Dir. Laurence Olivier.1948. Hamlet. Videocassette. Dir. Kenneth Branagh. 1996. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Cyrus Hoy. Norton Critical Series. 2nd Edition. New York: Norton, 1992.

“Born For Liberty” by Sara M. Evans Essay

The Introduction part of the book Born for Liberty by Sara M. Evans is the written path of being informed of the History of Women in America. As it is mentioned in the first few pages of this book, there is a lack of information that we need to fill in ourselves. We have all heard from many historians specially, that our World cannot take the right direction if it finds its past obscured and hard to be seen! I believe a lot of things are connected to each other, and history is one of the most relevant part of our globe and the reason being is because we depend on what our ancestors had been through! The fact that I am using the word depend might confuse you by giving you the wrong idea! In the past, there have been a lot of wonderful, but without forgetting to mention the â€Å"not so pretty† moments that people have lived years ago! Historians are the ones who are willing to examine and study the roots of out life in order to offer us the opportunity to improve our chances of the event that might happen again as it usually does when there are pieces of the puzzle missing! We learn from what had happened to our ancestors, and this way we figure out something else that should improve our life, and diminishing the chances of something ugly to happen again! I guess, all of us know that there has been an abundance of distinct wars in many different countries, and as the years are going by we are reducing the numbers of wars around the world and that is because we learned from the other’s mistakes! Now going back to the main topic, the history of Women in America, there is a great deal to talk about! Everybody, even my little sister can notice that women are kind of excluded from our History and it has always been that way till’ now! There was always this vision we had in our minds, that there was always a HE rather than a SHE! We always viewed women as weak creatures designed only for housework, and offering pleasure to the man she stands by! If you have noticed, the fairy tails and the other old stories we have heard during the years we grew, there was always the prince, the hero, the superman, etc! Well, I think it is time for us to have a look at the female part of the world and try to accept their accomplishments during the years that have passed! Women were always excluded from most formal public roles, and as the years passed they learned how to be heard and Sara M. Evans  supports really well this idea by giving a good example of this that is mentioned in the introduction part of the book when it says: † The most extreme example is the women of Salem, Massachusetts; as accused witches, accusers, and witnesses, these women held an entire colony in thrall for months† (Evans 4). There have also been feminist historians who have dedicated their lives primarily to clear the bad opinion people saved relating to women. Now it is more than obvious and lucid that women have really shaped the broader history and they have given it the flavor it lacked back then! They were the ones who helped to solve the uncountable problems the government had with the immigrants, the ethnic problems and the other ones that would still be present if it wasn’t for the intellectual women who set goals to themselves! This is what Sara M. Evans is trying to explain in her book Born For Liberty!

Free Essays on Political Sex Scandals

The ethics that politicians must follow are not much different from the ones that citizens must follow. There is no written code of ethics that pertains to politicians; ethics are in the form of conventions. The one way that this area differs from politicians to citizens is that the codes of conduct are much stricter when applying to politicians. The media, opposing parties and citizens scrutinize politicians to an extent where they are judged on a different level of ethics when compared to the public. Among the public, if a husband cheats on his wife he is most likely shunned by some but there is no doubt that he will overcome this label. Among politicians these circumstances would be very different. An affair would become national knowledge and the political member involved would most likely lose their job. The negative stigma that accompanies this adulterous act will also follow the politicians name into the history books so it is very hard for him to redeem himself. Polit icians are expected to be next to perfect. They act no different than regular people but are judged on a higher level. Politicians are the leaders of our world and represent our individual countries and so must not only carry out good government but must behave according to higher level of ethics. Should politicians be held accountable to this higher standard or should they be held accountable to the same extent as any other person? This is the general question that arises out of this topic. The following paper will discuss the ethical topic of sex scandals in politics. Consequences of these unethical actions will be outlined in regards to how the media responds, how the public responds and how opposing parties respond. Three cases of political sex scandals will be referred to. The cases will be presented in chronological order and each relates to its own country. There is a case from Great Britain, United States, and Chile and so displays how diffe... Free Essays on Political Sex Scandals Free Essays on Political Sex Scandals The ethics that politicians must follow are not much different from the ones that citizens must follow. There is no written code of ethics that pertains to politicians; ethics are in the form of conventions. The one way that this area differs from politicians to citizens is that the codes of conduct are much stricter when applying to politicians. The media, opposing parties and citizens scrutinize politicians to an extent where they are judged on a different level of ethics when compared to the public. Among the public, if a husband cheats on his wife he is most likely shunned by some but there is no doubt that he will overcome this label. Among politicians these circumstances would be very different. An affair would become national knowledge and the political member involved would most likely lose their job. The negative stigma that accompanies this adulterous act will also follow the politicians name into the history books so it is very hard for him to redeem himself. Polit icians are expected to be next to perfect. They act no different than regular people but are judged on a higher level. Politicians are the leaders of our world and represent our individual countries and so must not only carry out good government but must behave according to higher level of ethics. Should politicians be held accountable to this higher standard or should they be held accountable to the same extent as any other person? This is the general question that arises out of this topic. The following paper will discuss the ethical topic of sex scandals in politics. Consequences of these unethical actions will be outlined in regards to how the media responds, how the public responds and how opposing parties respond. Three cases of political sex scandals will be referred to. The cases will be presented in chronological order and each relates to its own country. There is a case from Great Britain, United States, and Chile and so displays how diffe...

Pulp Fiction Movie Quotes

Pulp Fiction Movie Quotes The story of Pulp Fiction centers around two hit men: Jules Winnfield, played by Samual L. Jackson, and Vincent Vega, played by John Travolta. The movie is both funny and cruel, but  what stands out about the most in Pulp Fiction is its power-packed dialogues. One reason its such a classic is because of its superb acting combined with brilliant dialogue delivery, and when you read Pulp Fiction movie quotes, you can almost hear the voices of the actors inside your head. So sit back and let these Pulp Fiction movie quotes strike a nostalgic chord in you. Jules Winnfield Oh, Im sorry! Did I break your concentration? The path of the righteous man is beset on all sides by the iniquities of the selfish and the tyranny of evil men. Blessed is he who, in the name of charity and good will, shepherds the weak through the valley of the darkness. For he is truly his brothers keeper and the finder of lost children. And I will strike down upon thee with great vengeance and furious anger those who attempt to poison and destroy my brothers. And you will know I am the Lord when I lay my vengeance upon you. If my answers frighten you, then you should cease asking scary questions. Whether or not what we experienced was an According to Hoyle miracle is irrelevant. What is relevant is that I felt the touch of God. God got involved. Hamburgers. The cornerstone of any nutritious breakfast. Hey, thats Kool and the Gang. Well, the way they make shows is, they make one show. That shows called a pilot. Then they show that show to the people who make shows, and on the strength of that one show they decide if theyre going to make more shows. Some pilots get picked and become television programs. Some dont, become nothing. She starred in one of the ones that became nothing. Vincent Vega It breaks down like this: Its legal to buy it, its legal to own it, and, if youre the proprietor of a hash bar, its legal to sell it. Its illegal to carry it, but that doesnt really matter cause- get a load of this- if you get stopped by the cops in Amsterdam, its illegal for them to search you. I mean, thats a right the cops in Amsterdam dont have. Why didnt you say something, Marvin? Slipped your mind? You forgot to mention someones in the bathroom with a goddamn handcannon? Its like a wax museum with a pulse. Play with matches, you get burned. I dont mean any disrespect; I just dont like people barking orders at me. Now, if youll excuse me, Im going to go home and have a heart attack. Well, you gotta have an opinion! I mean, do you think that God came down from heaven and stopped the...  [he accidentally shoots Marvin] Oh man, I just shot Marvin in the face.

The Curse of her Beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Curse of her Beauty - Essay Example The woman's contradictory appearance is conveyed through a series of similes. She is old as ocean yet young as mornings. In spite of the woman's contradictory appearance (which seems to foreshadow ambiguity), the observer takes great delight in her. Roach personifies the beauty of the land through the woman's characteristics (That saw beauty walk on the wind and the sea). He speaks of nothing more about the woman other than her physical beauty. Much like the poet, tourist know of nothing more than what meets their eyes (the land's physical beauty), which is equivalent to the woman's physical appearance. The Caribbean is known to attract tourists with its lush vegetation and mild climate. However, Roach points out the land's deceptive seduction of the land's beauty. In fact, the land's beauty taints its true image. Rather than seeing the land for what it truly is (a place enduring the abusive lashing of the sea spray), the poet is tantalized and intoxicated by kisses that cause him to envision a beautiful goddess (Love tinted that shore). As he realizes the goddess's true repulsive side, the poet finds out that there is more than what meets the eye. Reality sobers the poet. He is no longer intoxicated by the beauty of the land. ... In The Odyssey by Homer, Sirens lured sailors with their sweet hypnotic songs. Their songs detracted sailors from their careful journeys and caused them to crash their ships into the rocks. In its efforts to lure and trap unwary observers, the land produces an attractive woman who is similar to the sirens. In essence, the woman is the land. Normally, Roach uses the land as a metaphor for the struggle between Eurocentric hegemony (dominance) and Caribbean independence (Jennings 25). The evidence of dominance is shown in the first stanza. The trees are symbolic of the Caribbean people who endured much abuse from the Europeans (lashing sea spray) but remained strong. As an islander who was forced to conform to European studies (Breiner 113), Roach uses examples from his studies (the siren coast; deceptive Sirens from Homer's Odyssey). In addition, Roach struggles with the identity of the land (shown in the ambivalent view of the woman or land). In doing so, he denounces the history of the land while acknowledging its undeniable beauty and his love for it. In the end, the poem makes a full circle (back to the beginning) where the he reflects on the devastatingly true image of the shore. The only difference now is that remnants of his love accompany the brutalities of the lashing sea spray. Works Cited Breiner, Laurence A. An Introduction to West Indian Poetry. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Jennings, Lisa Gay. "Renaissance Models for Caribbean Poets: Identity, Authencity and the Early Modern Lyric Revisited." MS Thesis. Florida State University, 2005.

Discuss the law of consent to treatment and the law of negligence Assignment

Discuss the law of consent to treatment and the law of negligence - Assignment Example According to the law of consent to treatment and health care directives act, every person seeking medical attention has a right to: permit or refuse to give consent to health practitioners on whatever reason (Corfield, Granne, & Sayer, 2009). In addition, they may choose the best treatment among provided treatment methodologies, given assistance by qualified medical practitioner, and be involved in decision making on any medical practices to be performed on him or her (Hockton, 2002). For this law to be valid, various factors should be put into deliberation. For example, the person issuing the consents should be provided with all necessary information on the medical procedure to be undertaken (Thornton, 2008). It should be able to address, the benefits, side effects of treatment, and indicate other alternatives (Rozovsky, 2003). The consent be given voluntarily with the patient and not forced of him. It should be understandable to help the patient make an informed decision (Bartlett, 2008). However, there are cases in which treatment of a patient may go on with or without their consent. This include (a) Supplementary actions; this is mostly prominent in surgery processes where during an operation the surgeon might encounter an extra problem that needs an additional procedure, here the surgeon has no choice but to go ahead and perform the process for he cannot waken the patient to approve the consent (Herring, 2010). A choice made in the interest of the suffering patient. (b) Emergency treatment; this happens mostly during emergencies e.g. When a patient is unconscious and cannot provide a consent, the medical practitioners will provide treatment and after consciousness is regained by the patient all reasons on why the treatment was given (Rozovsky, 2000). (c) Risk to the public; a person can be held on the hospital unwillingly until he or she has fully recovered if the person has an infectious disease that can a public health risk. (d) Mental condition; mental disoriented persons can be held either willingly or unwillingly in hospital without their consent, this differs globally according to laws of the given land (Dimond, 2008). Treatment given to such people must for their wellbeing. (e) Changes in capacity; a patient’s capacity to consent can change. There are different reasons that might affect a person’s capacity to give consent to treatment. Issues like panic, extreme tiredness, instant shock, patients under drug and unstable medical conditions such as schizophrenia influence are usually not fit to give medical consents (Bartlett, 2008). Such persons are advised to make early decisions on the treatment they would prefer in case of future incapacity (Dimond, 2008). Negligence; this implies failure to act with the prudence that a rational individual would exercise under the same conditions. The law of negligence states that a person or an institution is liable for any Injury caused negligently on the person seeking servi ces from the person or organization (James, & Deeley, 2002). Medical negligence or medical malpractices are terms used to indicate a negligent act by either medical practitioner or medical facility that leads to injury (Bartlett, 2008). When such injury arises the affected party can take legal action and such cases fall below the category of individual injury law. In many jurisdictions, there certain approved standards that people should receive. In case of irresponsible or erroneous

Select a research topic of your interest and explain relevance of the Assignment

Select a research topic of your interest and explain relevance of the selected topic. Clearly define how it will benefit the ind - Assignment Example This shows that many people in the 21st century are appreciating the rapid development in technology. Therefore, it is an admissible fact that many people that are involved in economic activities have access to technology, which connects people across the globe (Khosrow-Pour, 2006:23). This creates a scenario where businesses have to use technology to improve on their services. As such, they will keep changing their approach to technology. Many people have taken the initiative of taking statistics on how technology is used in the world. These statistics have been influential in ensuring other businesses are not left behind when it comes to technology. Many businesses have been benchmarking technological advancement that is used by other businesses to ensure they are on the verge of making successful impact in the market. The statistics show that the developed countries in the world have appreciated the use of technology to greater heights. Developed countries have massive resources t hat have been used to improve their indulgence in technology. In most instances, the developing countries invest heavily in companies and firms that are allied to manufacturing technology. As such, they will have an advantage in accessing the technology that is manufactured. Similarly, developed countries have an upper hand in that they manufacture technology in bulk. This gives such countries the advantage of large scale production. As such, the technology will be retailed at lower prices. In the same line, developed countries were on the frontline in researching on the internet usage and its advantages. As such, they were on the frontline in implementing the use of technology in most parts of the economy. These countries go to greater heights in ensuring all businesses are interconnected to each other. This creates a scenario where businesses are in healthy competition in the market. This leads to high quality products offered in the market. Internet users in the developed countri es are advanced in that most of the population has access to internet services. The service providers are well established in the market and offer top notch services (Bailey, 2011:10). When the internet service providers are well established in the market, they will offer their services at subsidized prices. This is done to attract a larger demand for their services. Since the internet services are retailed at acceptable and affordable prices. As such, most of the population will feel the need to use the internet services in most of their working. The developing countries have followed the trend of savouring internet use and connection. The developing countries have taken the internet issue seriously and have gone to greater heights in ensuring most of the population are accessible to the internet. Most of the companies that offer the service in the developed countries have taken the initiative of investing in the developing countries. As such, they also give the developing countrie s priority in service delivery. Apparently, the developing countries have been influential in ensuring the internet development and use is on constant growth. Therefore, the number of people that use the internet has been increasing through the years. Virtually most of the businesses in developing countries have appreciated the need for internet connection and use, as it enhances their businesses. On the other hand,

Organizational Theory & Research Essay Example for Free

Organizational Theory Research Essay Organization is a â€Å"concept used in a variety of ways such as (1) a system or pattern of any set of relationships in any kind of undertaking; (2) an enterprise itself; (3) cooperation of two or more persons; (4) all behavior of all participants in a group; and (5) the intentional structure of roles in a formally organized enterprise† (Koontz, et. al. , 1980, p. G-11). Organization development is a â€Å"systematic, integrated, and planned approach to improve the effectiveness of people and groups in a enterprise through the use of techniques for problem discovery and various intervention techniques for solving these problems† (Koontz, et. l. , 1980, p. G-11). One of the key aspects of managing is â€Å"organizing† and it is a skill required of any manager if he or she is to be effective and successful in attaining organizational objectives and effecting change (see Koontz, et. al, 1980, p. 330). Management literature has acknowledged that people tend to cooperate with one another in the face of a crisis because man has learned that it is better to cooperate than to compete with one another. In cooperative activities, goals or objectives are achieved much easier than when individual persons act separately in attempting to achieve a group goal or objective. Organizing involves identifying the right people to involve in the design, development, and implementation of the process of problem identification and problem solving. One requirement of effective organizing is knowledge of the fundamental nature of group dynamics. When two or more people are formed to work on a particular task, they usually undergo certain stages of group development. These are forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. During the â€Å"forming† stage, group members tend to be cautious and almost become aware of each word that each says to others; in the â€Å"storming† stage, members become impatient of formalities and tend to express themselves and demonstrate antagonism and sarcasm; in the â€Å"norming† stage, members learn to tolerate frustrations and become more acceptable of other members of the group; in the â€Å"performing† stage, team members has put aside their differences and concentrate on the objectives of the group, thereby performing to the fullest and achieving their preset goals and objectives; in the â€Å"adjourning† stage, group members have achieved their objectives and disbands themselves and return to their home organizations or department.

The Digital Dice Game Project: An Overview

The Digital Dice Game Project: An Overview A traditional dice is a small polyhedral object, usually cubic in shape. It generates a random number in the range of one to six. There are also non cubical dice with different number of faces such as tetrahedrons (four faces), octahedrons (eight faces) or dodecahedrons (twelve faces). A digital dice is an alternative device that can be used to replace the traditional device with the help of a numeric display. It is controlled with the help of a switch. The count will display numbers randomly from one to six on the 7 segment display in a push of the button. 1.1 Rules of the Game: The Digital Dice game consists of two players, Player A and Player B. Both the players, Player A and Player B, are given a switch each to control the dice. In this game, only one player is allowed to play at a time and the input of only one player is counted at a time. A LED indicates the players turn. The output of each players throw is added to the output of their previous throws number. This gives their final score. The maximum count is taken as 30. When any one of the players reaches the maximum count of 30, the Game ends. The player (Player A or Player B) has won the game. The beeper along with a light indicates the players victory. Chapter 2:  Circuit Description This chapter gives a detailed description of the block diagram for the Digital Dice game project. It discusses the main parts and also gives a detailed explanation on the same. 2.1 Block Diagram The main parts of the block diagram as shown in figure 1 are: 2 Clock pulses Random Number Generator Digital Dice Display 2 Adder Circuits (including the seven segment FND display) Game Over disabling circuit Reset switch 2.2 Clock Pulse Clock pulse is a signal used to synchronize the operations of an electronic system. They are continuous and precisely spaced changes in voltage. The main aim of this part in the circuit is to give the appropriate clock pulses to the next circuits to make a progress in the game. For this purpose, 2 clocks have been employed for each player. Here a special circuit has to be employed so as not to allow the player that has already played to play until his opponent has had his chance. This is done by using the Toggling feature of J-K flip-flop (IC 7476). Each of the 2 clock pulses is then ANDED with the 2 outputs of J-K flip-flop which is Q and Q. At any point of time, only one of Q and Q will be HIGH and so only one player will be able to play at a time as per the rules of the game. The clock of the other player being ANDED with zero will be ineffective. The appropriate clock then will pass through the OR gate and into the input clock of the J-K flip-flop, thus toggling it and providing a chance for the other player to play. The output of the OR gate is given to the rest of the entire circuit as a common clock. 2.3 Random Number Generator The main aim of this part is to generate any number between 1 and 6 (inclusive) i.e. 3-bit binary number, similar to a cubic dice where each face represents a number. However, the number generated in this circuit is not in any kind of a predictable sequence and is in a perfectly random similar to an actual dice in such a game. This is facilitated by the use of IC NE-555, which generates series of output clock pulses. The resistors and capacitors surrounding it formulate a particular RC time constant and the IC then continues to generate output clock pulses till the end of this time period. So, when the appropriate clock pulse is obtained from the above discussed clock pulse circuit, the pulses generated by IC NE-555 are fed to the next Integrated Circuit, Binary Ripple Counter (IC 7493). Another Integrated Circuit, Decade Counter (IC 7490) can also be used. The Binary Ripple Counter counts from 0 to 5 i.e. 3-bit numbers provided the MSB (Most significant Bit) of the counter is not considered. After the count reaches five, the Counter resets to zero. When many clock pulses are received by it in a single time-constant period, it counts from 0-5 many times and outputs any of these numbers. This is known as Random Number Generation. However, the numbers obtained from the above procedure are between 0 and 5 (inclusive) and the desired numbers are from 1 6. This is taken into account by including another Integrated circuit, Binary Parallel Adder (IC 7483) which increments the above generated number by 1 as it is between 0 and 5. The output of the Binary Parallel Adder is the final desired random number which is then fed into the Digital Dice-Display circuit as shown in the figure 1. 2.4 Digital Dice Display Circuit The only purpose of this part is to show the face of the Dice corresponding to the number generated by the randomizer circuit. This is done with the help of a BCD 7 Segment decoder which is used to drive a common anode 7 segment display. The output of the above discussed circuit forms the input for the BCD which then enters the input of seven segment decoder. The random number generated by the random number generator circuit will be displayed on the 7 segment display when the button is pushed by a player. The number displayed is any number between 1to 6 in a complete random sequence. 2.5 Adder Circuits This is the core part of this game. All the numbers generated so far should be accounted for each player independently in the form of their score. As discussed earlier, this score gets incremented by each alternate fall of numbers on the dice. The Adder circuit performs this function. The Adder circuit is made up of a group of 3 AND gates. One of the inputs of the AND gates is a bit of the random number generation and the other input is one of Q and Q (outputs of the J K flip-flop as discussed above in the Clock Pulses section). Hence, at a time, the score of only the appropriate player gets incremented by the number on the dice. Whereas the score of the other player remains the same (i.e. gets added by 0). The outputs of the 3 AND gates enter the Integrated Circuit, Binary Parallel Adder (IC 7483) as inputs for A. The Most significant bit (MSB) A is kept grounded. The inputs for B come from the output of the Integrated circuit, 4-bit Register (IC 74194) and these stores the Least significant bit (LSB) of the final score. There are two Binary Parallel Adders and the output of this 1st Adder (IC 7483) is connected to the 2nd Adder (IC 7483), which converts the added binary number into its decimal equivalent and stores the output in the above mentioned 4 Bit register (IC 74194). This conversion is produced with the help of different logic gates (AND and OR gates). When the binary number is greater than 9, 6 (0110) is added to it, else 0 (0000) is added to the number thus generating the equivalent LSB decimal number. Therefore, the LSB remains less than or equal to 9, thus representing the score in decimal form. The same technique is applied to the Most Significant Bit of the score. Here, 1 is added to the MSB of the Binary Parallel Adder (IC 7483), if the above generated binary number is greater than 9. The other input for this 3rd IC-7483 comes from another 4-bit register (IC 74194). Therefore, the MSB can also show decimal numbers from 0 9. The same Most Significant Bit and Least Significant Bit numbers from the Adders are given as input to Integrated circuit, BCD (IC 7447), which is the driver IC to the Seven-Segment LED display. The outputs of this Integrated circuit are fed into the LT-543, to show the corresponding numbers. An important point to be noted here is that the same common clock is given to the above mentioned IC-74194 registers so that they can output the stored numbers each time. 2.6 Game Over Disabling Circuit This part of the block diagram indicates the END of the game, i.e. Game Over. The game is considered to be over once the score of any one of the two players (Player A or Player B) reaches/crosses the score of 30. The second input of the Most Significant Bits of the Most Significant Bit of the decimal score of both the players form the input to the NOR gate. Thus, when any score reaches/crosses 30, the 2nd Most Significant Bit becomes HIGH. Thus NOR output becomes LOW (i.e. In a NOR gate, when any one of the inputs is HIGH, the output is LOW). This is then ANDED with the clock-pulse to be given to the J-K flip-flop. As a result, the J-K flip-flop does not receive any clock. Thus, the toggling feature of the flip flop stops. Thus, the random number generation stops and the Dice-display remain unchanged. And, finally the scores remain fixed. Therefore, the game has come to an end The winning player (Player A or Player B) is identified by the tone of the buzzer/alarm along with a LED to provide an indicating light. This is having one end on the above 2nd Most Significant Bit and the other end grounded. 2.7 Reset Switch This is also a very important part of the game. The function of this switch is to bring the game back to start from any point of time. This is performed with the help of a Combinational Circuit and a Push-to-OFF switch. This is a kind of switch which has its 2 ends always connected, except when pressed/pushed. Thus, one end of the switch is grounded. Therefore, by default this makes the clear inputs of all registers HIGH. Here, the registers employ Active Low Clear inputs. When the switch is not pushed, HIGH clear is fed to the registers via a NOT gate. Therefore, normal functioning of all the registers is obtained. Also, the output drawn from the OR gate then depends on the output from the AND gate (the 2 inputs of the AND gate come from the 2nd Most Significant Bit and 3rd Most Significant Bit of the output of the Binary Ripple Counter, IC 7493). When the switch is pressed, the connection of its 2 ends gets broken and thus making the Clear input to all registers LOW via the NOT gate (i.e. all registers are cleared). Therefore, one of the inputs to the IC 7483 Adders become 0000. And, also the input of the OR gate becomes HIGH, thereby ignoring the 2nd input and thus providing HIGH output to the RO(1) Clear input of the Binary ripple counter, IC 7493. Now, the counter is reset by 2nd Clear input RO(2) as it becomes HIGH, providing 0000 output. This forms the other input of Binary parallel adder, IC 7483. Thus, the Adder circuits display 00 in the 7 segment display. This 0000 output is then carried via the Binary parallel adder, IC 7483 (here the input carry is also 0) to the Dice-display circuit which displays 00. Chapter 3:  Random Number Generation Circuit This chapter explains the circuit diagram required for the random number generation and the digital dice display. It also talks about the working for the same. 3.1 Circuit Diagram The below figure (figure 2) shows the circuit diagram used for the random number generation of a digital dice. 3.2 Operation Figure 2 shows the circuit diagram to generate any random number between 1 and 6 and display it on the 7 segment display. In operation, a clock frequency of 50 Hz is generated by the pulse generator. It is ANDED with the push button. When the push button is pressed, the clock pulse generates a series of clock pulses. The combination of the clock pulse and the push button forms the counter clock for the Binary Ripple Counter (IC 7493). This counter behaves as a Mod 6 Counter and it counts from 0 5. Once the count reaches 5, it resets to zero. Thus, the connection of QB (with value 2) to R0 (1) and QC (with value 4) to R0(2) respectively. The output of this counter is connected to the input A of the Binary Parallel Adder (IC 7483), i.e. QA, QB, QC, QD to A1, A2, A3, A4 respectively. The function of the adder is to add the number 1 (Binary 0001) to the output from the Binary ripple counter. This is done by grounding the pins B1, B2, B3 and the pin B4 is connected to the supply to get a value of 1. The output of the Adder is connected to the BCD 7 segment display, i.e. the pins 9, 6, 12, 15 are connected to pins 7, 1, 2, 6 respectively. Therefore, any number between 1 and 6 is displayed in a totally random manner in the form of its decimal equivalent on the 7 segment display. This completes the random number generation and the Digital dice display parts of the block diagram. 3.3 Components Assembled The following components have been assembled on a Bread Board in order to create a random number display between 1 and 6. 3.3.1 Counter A counter is a device which stores the number of times a particular event or process has occurred, usually in connection with a clock signal. Every counter requires a square wave clock signal to make them count. A square wave clock signal (as shown in figure 3) is a digital waveform with sharp transitions between low (0V) and high (+Vs) voltage, such as the output from a 555  astable timer. Here it comes from the pulse generator. Examples of counting are digital clocks, watches, timers found in a range of appliances from microwave ovens to VCRs and counters are also found in everything from automobiles to test equipments. There are mainly two types of counters: Ripple Counters In a ripple counter, there are a chain of flip-flops with the output of each flip flop forming the input for the next. Every time the input of the flip flop changes from high to low (on the falling edge), the state of the flip flop output changes. Ripple counters mostly count on the falling-edge which is the high to low transition of the clock signal. They use this edge as linking counters becomes easier as the most significant bit (MSB) of one counter can drive the clock input of the next. This whole process occurs because the next bit must change state when the previous bit changes from high to low the point at which a carry must occur to the next bit. The disadvantages of this counter are: There is a slight delay (known as a Ripple Delay) as the effect of the clock ripples through the chain of flip-flops. But in many circuits, this is not a problem as it is far too short to be seen on a display. In a logic system, the connection to the ripple counter outputs will cause false counts which may produce glitches in the logic system and thereby disrupt its operation. For example, a ripple counter changing from 0111 (7) to 1000 (8) will briefly show 0110 (6), 0100 (4) and 0000 (0) before 1000. Synchronous Counter A synchronous counter has a more complex internal structure as compared to a ripple counter. The advantage of this counter over the ripple counter is that it ensures that all its outputs change precisely together on each clock pulse, thereby avoiding the brief false counts which occur with ripple counters. Most synchronous counters count on the rising-edge (refer figure 5) which is the low to high transition of the clock signal. They usually have carry  out and carry  in pins for linking counters without introducing any ripple delays. These counters have a synchronous reset which occurs on the next clock pulse rather than immediately as in a ripple counter. Since reset must be performed on the maximum count required, it is a very important function. 3.3.1.1 Binary Ripple Counter (IC 7493) This is the counter used in the circuit. Figure 3 shows a clock signal driving a 4-bit (0-15) counter. It is connected with LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes) to show the state of the clock and counter outputs QA QD. And Q indicates the output. A counter can be used to reduce the frequency of an input signal and thus behaves as a frequency division counter (as shown in figure 7), i.e. they can be used to reduce the frequency of an input (clock) signal. Each stage of a counter halves the frequency, so here the LED on the first output QA flashes at half the frequency of the clock LED, i.e. QA is 1/2, QB flashes at 1/4, QC at 1/8 and QD at 1/16 of the clock frequency. It is usually labeled as Q1, Q2 and so on. Qn is the nth stage of the counter, representing 2n. Division by numbers that are not powers of 2 is possible by resetting counters. Counters can be reset to zero before their maximum count by connecting one (or more) of their outputs to their reset input. The counter is in two sections: Clock A for QA and Clock B for QB, QC and QD. If the reset input is active-low a NOT or NAND gate will be required to produce a low output at the desired count. Active low is indicated by a line drawn above reset. For example:     (say reset-bar). The reset function requires an immediate reset on the next count. 3.3.1.2 Decade Counter (IC 7490): A decade counter (refer figure 8) is a binary counter that is designed to count to 10 or 1010 in binary, i.e. it counts the number of pulses arriving at its input. The number of pulses is counted up till 9 and it appears in binary form on four pins of the IC. When the tenth pulse arrives at the input, the binary output is reset to zero (0000) and a single pulse appears at another output pin. This function is performed due to the fact that the NAND output goes low, and resets the counter to zero. D going low can be a CARRY OUT signal, indicating that there has been a count of ten. So for ten pulses in the input, there is one pulse output. Therefore, the 7490 Decade Counter divides the frequency of the input by ten. And, if this pulse is applied to the input of a second 7490 decade counter, then the second IC will count the pulses from the first IC i.e. for 100 pulses input, there will be one pulse output. 3.3.2 Binary Parallel Adder (IC 7483) The parallel adder precedes the binary counter, i.e. once the counter begins its count from 0 5, it then enters the adder where the binary 0001 is added to it. The central computational element in any circuit is the adder. The function of the parallel adder is to add two n bit numbers together. For this purpose, n full adders should be cascaded with each full adder representing a column in the long addition. The carry signals ripple through the adder from right to left. Figure 9 indicates the working of a logic full adder/ subtractor. The adder circuit has a mode control signal M which determines whether the circuit has to operate as an adder or a subtractor. Each XOR gate receives one input from M and the other input from B, i.e. Bi. The function of the XOR gate is that if both the inputs of the XOR gate is the same, then the output of the XOR gate will be zero and if both the inputs to the XOR gate are different, then the output of the XOR gate will be 1. When M = 0, the output of XOR gate will be Bi ⊕ 0 = Bi. Thus, the addition function takes place, i.e. the circuit performs A plus B (A + B). When M = 1, the output of XOR gate will be Bi ⊕ 1 = Bi. Since it is the complement of B, subtraction function takes place, i.e. A plus 1s complement of B which is the same as A minus B (A B). Every digit position consists of two operands and a carry. The operation of an adder is to add the two operands and the carry-in together. If the result is less than the base, this sum is outputted with a carry-out of 0. 0therwise the base is subtracted from the total of the two operands and the carry-in and this sum is outputted with a carry-out. 3.3.3 BCD 7 segment display decoder Here, the output of the Binary parallel adder forms the input for this BCD 7 segment decoder to display the random number from 1 6. The inputs A D for the BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) display driver are connected from the outputs of the parallel adder. The display driver consists of a network of logic gates to make its outputs a g become high or low. This lights the required segments a g of a 7-segment display as shown in the figure. Usually, a resistor is required in series with each segment to protect the LEDs, 330 or 270 is a suitable value for many displays with a 4.5V to 6V supply. But for this project, only one 270 resistor is used which is connected between 3 (display test) and 8 (ground) pins of the integrated circuit. There are two types of 7-segment displays: Common Cathode (CC or SC): This display consists of all the cathodes connected together. These need a display driver with outputs which become high to light each segment, i.e. they are illuminated with high voltages. For example the IC 4511. Here, there is a connection between the common cathode to 0V. IC 4511 is designed to drive a common cathode display and thus would not work with the common anode display. Common Anode (CA or SA): This display consists of all the LED anodes connected together. These need a display driver with outputs which become low to light each segment, i.e. they are illuminated by connecting with low voltages. For example, IC 7447 (BCD 7 segment decoder) which is the IC used for this project. Here, there is a connection of a resistor in series between the common anode to +Vs. The 7447 chip is used to drive 7 segment display. The input to the 7447 is a binary number DCBA where D is 8s (1000), C is 4s (0100), B is 2s (0010) and A is 1s (0001). The IC 7447 display is intended for BCD (binary coded decimal) which has input values from DCBA = 0000 (0) to DCBA = 1001 (9) (i.e. 0000, 0001, 0010, 0011, 0100, 0101, 0110, 0111, 1000, 1001 in binary). Inputs from 10 to 15 (1010, 1011, 1100, 1101, 1110, 1111 in binary) will light odd display segments. The following functions can be performed on the IC 7447: This IC has an open collector outputs a g, which can sink up to 40mA. A lamp test can be performed on the IC to check if all the segments are in working condition. This is done by keeping the part of the IC low. At this point of time, all the display segments should light (showing number 8). There is another function which is the Blanking Input (). If the blank input is low, then the display will be blank when the count input is zero (0000). This can be used to blank leading zeros when there are several display digits driven by a chain of counters. The blank  output can be achieved by connecting the blank  input of the next display down the chain (i.e. the next most significant digit). Also, a function stands for Ripple Blanking Input. When is low and DCBA = 0000, the display is blank otherwise the number is displayed on the display. This is used to remove leading zeroes from a number. For example, displays 89 instead of 089. If more than one display has to be used, a connection of (Ripple Blanking Output) from most significant 7447 to the of the next 7447 has to be done. If a connection between of the least significant 7447 to 5V is done, the display will turn off when the number is 0. This circuit can also be controlled by a PLC (Programmable Logic Circuit), if the inputs to the BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) come from the 4 output bits of the PLC output card. Chapter 4:  Summary This chapter lists the achievements and developments of the project The following has been achieved in this project: Successful design and simulation of random number generation circuit along with the dice display Block Diagram of the Digital Dice game, circuit diagram for the display of random numbers from 1 6 on the 7 segment display. Successful assembly of wires, binary ripple counter (IC 7493), binary parallel adder (IC 7483), BCD 7 Segment display decoder (IC 7447). The development of this project is as follows. The digital dice game is currently being assembled, and post assembly, it will be used as a game to be played between two players.. Remaining circuit diagrams with more detail about the remaining parts of the block diagram will be designed.